tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32831468005537852672024-03-14T07:57:41.703-07:00Dokter GaulAldo neveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07527267717162744131noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3283146800553785267.post-90675358926936158892015-03-16T02:09:00.001-07:002015-03-16T02:09:44.591-07:00KUMPULAN JUDUL SKRIPSI KTI KESEHATAN GIGI DAN MULUT1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Karies Gigi Dengan Upaya Ibu Merawat Kesehatan Gigi Pada Anak Usia Prasekolah di TK-Ghifari<br />
Ririn Muthia Zukhra » Universitas Riau<br />
http://digilib.unri.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=49860<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Penyuluhan Kesehatan Gigi pada Anak Sekolah Dasar<br />
Nofalia, Marina » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/27931<br />
3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Penyuluhan Kesehatan Gigi Pada Anak<br />
Lasrina E. Tambun » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/8552<br />
4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pelayanan Kedokteran Gigi Keluarga Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Derajat Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut<br />
Kristina Imelda Sitorus » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/8351<br />
5.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>PERANCANGAN media pengetahuan kesehatan gigi untuk anak<br />
Gilang Sugih Ginanjar; NIM : 51900079 » Universitas Komputer Indonesia<br />
Status Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Murid Dan Pelaksanaan Usaha Kesehatan Gigi Sekolah Pada Sekolah Dasar Negeri 060880 Dan 060890 Kecamatan Medan Polonia Tahun 2009<br />
Nasution, Devi » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/19501<br />
6.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Upaya peningkatan pengetahuan tenaga kontrak kerja BP. Gigi dalam bidang kesehatan gigi dan mulut di Dinas Kesehatan Gigi Kodya DT II Bandung tahun 1997.<br />
Ellen Latjeno Saboe » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=78978<br />
7.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pengembangan dan Perancangan Produk Sikat Gigi<br />
;Dewi, Dyah Hapsari;Triyanti, Vivi; » Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya<br />
http://lib.atmajaya.ac.id/default.aspx?tabID=61&src=k&id=78643<br />
8.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Perubahan Manajemen Dalam Menghadapi Krisis Moneter dalam Bidang Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi<br />
Cahaya Purnama Sari » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/8365<br />
9.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hubungan Perilaku Pemeliharaan Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut Dengan Status Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut Murid<br />
Lilik Rosdewati » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/6908<br />
10.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Kepuasan Karyawan Terhadap Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut di RS PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda<br />
Maya Renintha YH. » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/27603<br />
11.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tingkat Kepuasan Pasien terhadap Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut di RSUD Dr. Djasamen Saragih Pematangsiantar<br />
Simbolon, Ristoria » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/29065<br />
12.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hubungan Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Dengan Citra Positif Pt.pertamina (persero)di Daerah Malingping Lebak; Banten<br />
Ahmad Hardiyan » UPN Veteran Jakarta<br />
http://www.library.upnvj.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=2100<br />
13.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hubungan pengetahuan, sikap ibu tentang kesehatan gigi dengan praktek pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi dan prevalensi karies gigi : Studi pada anak Taman Kanak Kanak di Kecamatan Senen Jakarta Pusat tahun 1989<br />
Ednawati Masrif » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=82783<br />
14.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hubungan tingkat pengetahuan anak tentang kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan perilaku menggosok gigi pada siswa kelas iv-v di sd n 01 pagi Cilandak Timur Jakarta Selatan<br />
Putu Sri Utari » UPN Veteran Jakarta<br />
http://www.library.upnvj.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=5531<br />
15.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Tentang Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Dengan Perilaku Menggosok Gigi Di Sdn Pondok Labu 04 Pagi Jakarta Selatan<br />
Desak Made Ari Dwi Jayanti » UPN Veteran Jakarta<br />
http://www.library.upnvj.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=2918<br />
16.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dokter Gigi Sebagai Manejer Kesehatan di Puskesmas<br />
Pintauli, Sondang » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/1162<br />
17.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Peranan Pasta Gigi Herbal Terhadap Kesehatan Jaringan Periodonsium<br />
Armi, Riza » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/26604<br />
18.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Faktor Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Rendahnya Pemanfaatan Poliklinik Gigi Kantor Pusat oleh Karyawan Pertamina Kantor Pusat yang Sudah Menjalani Pemeriksaan Gigi Berkala pada Tahun 1987<br />
Suryadi Surja Atmadja » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=82996<br />
19.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Perancangan Media Informasi Kesehatan Gigi Bagi Remaja Melalui Web Site<br />
DEVIT TRI SUTEDJO; NIM 52104029 » Universitas Komputer Indonesia<br />
Korelasi jumlah kehilangan gigi posterior dengan perubahan lengkung oklusal (berdasarkan nilai ekstrusi gigi antagonis)<br />
Tiarma Talenta Theresia » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=125370<br />
20.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Perbandingan Efek Antibakterial Ekstrak Buah Cacao (theobroma Caccao) Pada Berbagai Konsentrasi Terhadap Streptococcus Mutants<br />
MARSABAN, MARSABAN » Universitas Diponegoro<br />
http://eprints.undip.ac.id/22410/<br />
21.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rasa Takut Terhadap Perawatan Gigi Dan Status Kesehatan Gigi Anak Pada SD Islam Namira Dan SDN 060919<br />
Adeputri, Mouna Ixora » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/23642<br />
22.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pelayanan Kedokteran Gigi Keluarga Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Derajat Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut<br />
Sitorus, Kristina Imelda » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/17790<br />
23.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Faktor-faktor penentu dalam pencapaian pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut di Kota Bogor (studi di Puskesmas Kota Bogor yang mencapai dan tidak mencapai target kunjungan)<br />
Dede Rukasa » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=85494<br />
24.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pengaruh pemakaian gigi tiruan lepas resin akrilik terhadap akumulasi plak pada gigi di sebelah sadel<br />
Himawan Chandra » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=82999<br />
25.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sikap perhatian orang tua terhadap kesehatan mulut pada anak Prasekolah di Jakarta Timur<br />
Sutji Nuraini » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=71884<br />
26.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pengetahuan, Sikap, Perilaku Mahasiswa Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Sumatera Utara Mengenai Pemilihan Pasta Gigi Dikaitkan Dengan Masalah Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulutnya<br />
Intan F Purba » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/8222<br />
27.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Kepuasan Pasien Terhadap Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Di Rumah Sakit Gigi Dan Mulut (RSGM) Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
Yanti, Gema Nazri » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/22993<br />
28.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tingkat akumulasi plak gigi pada perempuan paskamenopause (penelitian klinis di wilayah Bekasi)<br />
Made Widya Utami » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=126174<br />
29.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pelaksanaan Program Upaya Kesehatan Gigi di Puskesmas Padang Bulan dalam Meningkatkan Derajat Kesehatan Masyarakat<br />
Ritonga, Lenaria » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/26830<br />
30.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pemanfaatan Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Di Puskesmas Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan Ditinjau Dari Aspek Pengguna Jasa Pelayanan<br />
Usman Sumantri » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=81100<br />
31.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Analisis Faktor Yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Kinerja Dokter Gigi Dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Di Puskesmas Kabupaten Jember<br />
NASIHAH, KUNIN » Universitas Airlangga<br />
http://adln.lib.unair.ac.id/go.php?id=gdlhub-gdl-s2-2006-nasihahkun-495<br />
32.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Analisis Faktor Yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Kinerja Dokter Gigi Dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Di Puskesmas Kabupaten Jember<br />
NASIHAH, KUNIN » Universitas Airlangga<br />
http://adln.lib.unair.ac.id/go.php?id=gdlhub-gdl-s2-2006-nasihahkun-495<br />
33.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Analisis Faktor Yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Kinerja Dokter Gigi Dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Di Puskesmas Kabupaten Jember<br />
NASIHAH, KUNIN » Universitas Airlangga<br />
http://adln.lib.unair.ac.id/go.php?id=gdlhub-gdl-s2-2006-nasihahkun-495<br />
34.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Analisis Faktor Yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Kinerja Dokter Gigi Dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Di Puskesmas Kabupaten Jember<br />
NASIHAH, KUNIN » Universitas Airlangga<br />
http://adln.lib.unair.ac.id/go.php?id=gdlhub-gdl-s2-2006-nasihahkun-495<br />
35.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan Tentang Cara Menggosok Gigi Yang Baik (metode Demonstrasi) Terhadap Tindakan Menggosok Gigi Pada Siswa Kelas Iv Dan V Di Sd Pertiwi Padang<br />
Safitri, Kiki Hardianasyah » Universitas Andalas<br />
http://repository.unand.ac.id/14039/<br />
36.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hubungan Pengetahuan Tentang Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Dengan Kejadian Karies Gigi Anak Sdn Kleco Ii Kelas V Dan Vi Kecamatan Laweyan Surakarta<br />
Kawuryan, Uji » Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta<br />
http://etd.eprints.ums.ac.id/897/<br />
37.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Status kesehatan gigi dan faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap UKGS percontohan dan UKGS program<br />
Dahlia Nadeak » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=85491<br />
38.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Perancangan iklan layanan masyarakat tentang informasi pentingnya menyikat gigi bagi anak usia 6 - 12 tahun<br />
Jessie Wijaya; » Universitas Kristen Petra<br />
http://digilib.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe/s1/jdkv/2009/Cover.pdf<br />
39.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hubungan perilaku ibu mengenai kesehatan gigi anak dengan Severe Early Childhood Caries anak 6-36 bulan di Desa Ujung Rambung Kecamatan Pantai Cermin Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai.<br />
Banu Bairavi. B » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/22592<br />
40.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hubungan Perilaku Pemeliharaan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Dengan Status Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Murid SMU Di Kabupaten Langkat Tahun 2004<br />
Rosdawati, Lilik » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/6640<br />
41.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Peranan Ibu Terhadap Kesehatan Gigi Anak Di Kelurahan Tanjung Mulia Hilir Kecamatan Medan Deli Tahun 2002<br />
Rosdiana Tiurlan Simaremare » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/14560<br />
42.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Status Kesehatan Gigi dan Masalah Kesehatan Gigi yang dikeluhkan Ibu-ibu Rumah Tangga Kelurahan Harjosari Kecamatan Medan Amplas<br />
Eka Wulandari » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/8441<br />
43.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Perawatan dan Pemeliharaan Kesehatan Gigi, Mulut Pada Masa Kehamilan<br />
Hasibuan, Sayuti » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/1141<br />
44.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hubungan Pengetahuan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Dengan Status Karies Dan Ohis Pada Anak SMP<br />
Yusuf, Muhammad » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/26920<br />
45.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Upaya Peningkatan Mutu Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Puskesmas Wonodadi Di Kabupaten Blitar<br />
AVIYUNI, HERA » Universitas Airlangga<br />
http://adln.lib.unair.ac.id/go.php?id=gdlhub-gdl-s2-2007-aviyuniher-3705<br />
46.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Upaya Peningkatan Mutu Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Puskesmas Wonodadi Di Kabupaten Blitar<br />
AVIYUNI, HERA » Universitas Airlangga<br />
http://adln.lib.unair.ac.id/go.php?id=gdlhub-gdl-s2-2007-aviyuniher-3705<br />
47.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Upaya Peningkatan Mutu Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Puskesmas Wonodadi Di Kabupaten Blitar<br />
AVIYUNI, HERA » Universitas Airlangga<br />
http://adln.lib.unair.ac.id/go.php?id=gdlhub-gdl-s2-2007-aviyuniher-3705<br />
48.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Upaya Peningkatan Mutu Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Puskesmas Wonodadi Di Kabupaten Blitar<br />
AVIYUNI, HERA » Universitas Airlangga<br />
http://adln.lib.unair.ac.id/go.php?id=gdlhub-gdl-s2-2007-aviyuniher-3705<br />
49.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku ibu dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi balita di Universitas "Pembangunan Nasional Veteran" Jakarta tahun 2000<br />
Ery Yuniastati » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=73086<br />
50.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Profil status kesehatan gigi mulut penderita systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) di Yayasan Lupus Indonesia periode 13 November- 4 Desember 2008<br />
Akrom Ibaad » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=125167<br />
51.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>asilitas perawatan gigi di Surabaya<br />
Heidy Kartanegara; » Universitas Kristen Petra<br />
http://digilib.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe/s1/ars4/2009/Cover.pdf<br />
52.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Status kesehatan gingiva anak usia sekolah dasar menurut kebiasaan menyikat gigi sebelum tidur malam hari (studi kasus di SDN Anyelir 1 Depok Jaya)<br />
Reisa Siagian » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=127467<br />
53.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Kualitas Layanan Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut di Klinik Sekolah Pengatur Rawat Gigi Tanjungkarang, Tahun 1996<br />
Harindra » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=80320<br />
54.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Peran Gnatologi Dalam Upaya Pemulihan Fungsi Sistem Pengunyahan<br />
Daroewati Mardjono » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=77474<br />
55.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Keselamatan Operator Pengguna Alat Sinar X Gigi Dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan Di Kota Medan<br />
Irda Reienta Maela » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/8570<br />
56.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Efektifitas Metode Bermain Dalam Penyuluhan Kesehatan Gigi Dan Mulut Pada Siswa Kelas VI SD Islam An-Nizam<br />
Mardhiah, Haqqy » Universitas Sumatera Utara<br />
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/22629<br />
57.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hubungan perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan status maloklusi dengan kelas 1 pada siswa SDN Cisauk Usia 9-12 tahun<br />
Merdiana Dwi Trasti » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=127470<br />
58.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Survei Karies Gigi Pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Dan Faktor-faktor Risikonya (studi Kasus Di Kecamatan Jatipuro Kab. Karanganyar)<br />
SUPARTO, SUPARTO » Universitas Diponegoro<br />
http://eprints.undip.ac.id/5052/<br />
59.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Perancangan permainan untuk menumbuhkan sikap peduli pada kesehatan gigi sejak dini bagi anak-anak usia 3-6 tahun<br />
Kartika Sari Budi Mulja; » Universitas Kristen Petra<br />
http://digilib.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe/s1/jdkv/2007/Cover.doc.pdf<br />
60.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Efektivitas pendidikan kesehatan gigi menggunakan metode ceramah disertai latihan menyikat gigi dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan, sikap, perilaku dan status kebersihan gigi mulut siswa usia 7-8 tahun: Kajian SD Negeri Buaran I dan SD Negeri Rawa Buntu I Kec<br />
LUCIAWATY, Rina » Universitas Gajah Mada<br />
Rumah Sakit Gigi Dan Mulut (rsgm) Di Bandung<br />
ROYANI, AHMAD » Universitas Diponegoro<br />
http://eprints.undip.ac.id/6651/<br />
61.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kinerja dokter gigi puskesmas Kota Palembang Provinsi Sumatera Selatan<br />
Azwan Anwar » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=78602<br />
62.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Faktor - faktor yang berhubungan dengan performed treatment index pada murid Sekolah Dasar kelas 6 yang mendapat pelayanan Usaha Kesehatan Gigi Sekolah Tahap III, di Wilayah Jakarta Barat tahun 1998.<br />
Made Rasmini » Universitas Indonesia<br />
http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=77249<br />
63.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tunjangan Jabatan Fungsional Dokter, Dokter Gigi, Apoteker, Asisten Apoteker, Pranata Laboratorium Kesehatan, Epidemiolog Kesehatan, Etnomolog Kesehatan, Sanitarian, Administrator Kesehatan, Penyuluh Kesehatan Masyarakat, Perawat Gigi, Nutrisionis, Bidan, Perawat, Radiografer, Perekam Medis, dan Teknisi Elektromedis<br />
--- » Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional<br />
http://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/opac/themes/bappenas4/detail.jsp?id=90879<br />
64.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tunjangan Jabatan Fungsional Dokter, Dokter gigi, Apoteker, Asisten Apoteker, Pranata Laboratorium kesehatan, Epidemiolog kesehatan, Entomolog kesehatan, Sanitarian, Administrator Kesehatan, Penyuluh Kesehatan Masyarakat, Perawat gigi, Nutrisionis, Bidan, Perawat, Radiografer, Perekam Medis, dan Teknisi Elektromedis<br />
SEKRETARIAT NEGARA » Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional<br />
http://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/opac/themes/bappenas4/detail.jsp?id=88740<br />
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Aldo neveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07527267717162744131noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3283146800553785267.post-62424859914828596202014-01-26T08:50:00.000-08:002014-01-26T08:50:04.938-08:00SEL MAKHLUK HIDUP<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe2JKLOD6sy76jx-TE0BSW_S_5b5bwQxgM9DS6lvUd1UaES2oS_2YHeP_fxhP7-YwE8vN8sMHT2QufkYpG5XKav3xo1y_4wVKhwDzczaJGa7gGoRoa7doNjSrN0_MxiEL7zrSIoMavewlo/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe2JKLOD6sy76jx-TE0BSW_S_5b5bwQxgM9DS6lvUd1UaES2oS_2YHeP_fxhP7-YwE8vN8sMHT2QufkYpG5XKav3xo1y_4wVKhwDzczaJGa7gGoRoa7doNjSrN0_MxiEL7zrSIoMavewlo/s1600/1.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV">Sel</span></b><span lang="SV"> merupakan unit organisasi terkecil yang menjadi
dasar kehidupan dalam arti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biologis</span></a></span><span lang="SV">.
Semua fungsi kehidupan diatur dan berlangsung di dalam sel. Karena itulah, sel
dapat berfungsi secara </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonom&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Autonom (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">autonom</span></a></span><span lang="SV"> asalkan seluruh kebutuhan hidupnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">SEJARAH PENEMUAN SEL <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sel adalah unit terkecil dalam organisme hidup, baik dalam dunia
tumbuh-tumbuhan maupun hewan. Sel terdiri atas protoplasma, yaitu, isi sel yang
terbungkus oleh suatu membran atau selaput sel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Evolusi sains seringkali berada sejajar dengan penemuan peralatan
yang memperluas indera manusia untuk bisa memasuki batas-batas baru. Penemuan
dan kajian awal tentang sel memperoleh kemajuan sejalandengan penemuan dan
penyempurnaan mikroskop pada abad ke tujuh belas. Sehingga mikroskop sejak awal
tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan sejarah penemuan sel, yang dijelaskan sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Galileo
Galilei (Awal Abad 17) dengan alat dua lensa menggambarkan struktur tipis
dari mata serangga. </span><span lang="EN-US">Gallei sebenarnya bukan
seorang biologiwan pertama yang mencatat hasil pengamatan biologi melalui
mikroskop.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Robert Hook (1635-1703) melihat
gambaran satu sayatan tipis gabus suatu kompertemen atau ruang-ruang
disebut dengan nama Latin cellulae (ruangan kecil), asal mula nama sel.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Anton van Leeuwenhoek (24 Oktober
1632 – 26 Agustus 1723), menggunakan lensa-lensa untk melihat beragam
spermatozoa, bakteri dan protista.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Robert Brown (1733-1858) pada
tahun 1`820 merancang lensa yang dapat lebih fokus untuk mengamati sel.
Titik buram yang selalu ada pada sel telur, sel polen, sel dari jaringan
anggrek yang sedang tumbuh. Titik buram disebut sebagai nukleus.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Matias Jacob Schleiden pada tahun
1838 berpendapat bahwa ada hubungan yang erat antara nukleus dan
perkembangan sel.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Teodor
Schwan (1810-18830): Sel adalah bagian dari organisme<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI">TEORI SEL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="FI">Sel ialah satu unit kehidupan. </span><span lang="EN-US">Semua benda hidup baik hewan atau tumbuhan disusun oleh sel. Sel-sel
ini berkumpul dan bergabung dengan adanya bahan antara sel diantaranya untuk
membentuk jaringan seperti otot, tulang rawan dan saraf.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dalam keadaan tertentu beberapa jaringan bergabung dan membina organ
seperti kelenjar, pembuluh darah, kulit dal lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV">Di alam ini kita dapat membagi sel ke dalam dua
kelompok, yaitu sel prokariotik dan sel eukariotik. </span><span lang="EN-US">Istilah
prokariotik, dibangun dari kata pro dan karyon. Pro, artinya sebelum dan kryon,
artinya inti. Jadi sel prokariotiiik artiya ”sebelum inti”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Ini mengandung pengertian bahwa sel prokariotik bukannya tanpa inti,
melainkan memiliki materi genetik yang tersebar di dalam sitplasmanya. Eukariot
dibangun dari kata Eu da Karyon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV">Eu, berarti sungguh dan karyon berarti inti. </span><span lang="EN-US">Jadi sel eukariotik adalah sel-sel yang telah memiliki inti sel,
atau sel yang memiliki materi inti yang terorganisasi dalam suatu selaput,
sehingga inti selnya tampak jelas (Sumardi dan Marianti, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Telah diketahui bahwa semua organisme hidup di bumi sekarang berasal
dari sel tunggal yang lahir 3.500 berjuta-juta tahun yang lalu. Sel purba ini
digambarkan dengan suatu selaput di sebelah luar, salah satu peristiwa yang
rumit yang memimpin penetapan hidup di atas bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Molekul organik sederhana tersebut mungkin telah diproduksi dalam
kondisi-kondisi yang memungkinkannya hidup dan lestari di bumi dalam status
awal hidpunya (kira-kira selama milyaran tahun pertamanya).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US">Sel tumbuhan, sel hewan, dan sel bakteri mempunyai beberapa
perbedaan seperti berikut:</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 247.5pt;" width="330">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Sel tumbuhan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 247.5pt;" width="330">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Sel hewan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 247.5pt;" width="330">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Sel bakteri<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-MX">Sel
tumbuhan lebih besar daripada sel hewan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-MX">Sel hewan
lebih kecil daripada sel tumbuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Sel bakteri sangat kecil.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mempunyai bentuk yang tetap.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Tidak mempunyai
bentuk yang tetap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mempunyai bentuk yang tetap.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dinding sel</span></a>
[<i>cell wall</i>] dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selulosa" title="Selulosa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">selulosa</span></a>.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dinding sel</span></a>
[<i>cell wall</i>].</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dinding sel</span></a>
[<i>cell wall</i>] dari lipoprotein.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastida" title="Plastida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plastida</span></a>.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastida" title="Plastida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plastida</span></a>.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastida" title="Plastida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plastida</span></a>.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola" title="Vakuola"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vakuola</span></a>
[<i>vacuole</i>] atau rongga sel yang besar.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola" title="Vakuola"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vakuola</span></a>
[<i>vacuole</i>], walaupun kadang-kadang sel beberapa hewan uniseluler
memiliki <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola" title="Vakuola"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vakuola</span></a>
(tapi tidak sebesar yang dimiliki tumbuhan). Yang biasa dimiliki hewan adalah
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesikel" title="Vesikel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vesikel</span></a>
atau [<i>vesicle</i>].</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola" title="Vakuola"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vakuola</span></a>.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Menyimpan
tenaga dalam bentuk butiran (granul) </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pati" title="Pati"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pati</span></a></span><span lang="SV">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Menyimpan
tenaga dalam bentuk butiran (granul) </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glikogen" title="Glikogen"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">glikogen</span></a></span><span lang="SV">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak Mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentrosom" title="Sentrosom"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sentrosom</span></a>
[<i>centrosome</i>].</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentrosom" title="Sentrosom"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sentrosom</span></a>
[<i>centrosome</i>].</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak Mempunyai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentrosom" title="Sentrosom"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sentrosom</span></a>
[<i>centrosome</i>].</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak memiliki <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisosom" title="Lisosom"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lisosom</span></a>
[<i>lysosome</i>].</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Memiliki <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisosom" title="Lisosom"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lisosom</span></a>
[<i>lysosome</i>].</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Nukleus lebih kecil daripada vakuola.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Nukleus lebih besar daripada vesikel.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Tidak memiliki
nukleus dalam arti sebenarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="SV">Perbedaan
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sel hewan dan tanaman</span></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNSuBgKdW0JWeEcuLinpQqliqboU0wNMLJ50_S5dIOP7XPQLduL390bS7zRIBIFG9Lus5f08olVWeWu5Irsd6qybOFFmW9uv0PO_1GK9sDh089Fxk3f9KzzTngVwzR6fn3II4DW6uB-Fuw/s1600/plant-animal-cell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNSuBgKdW0JWeEcuLinpQqliqboU0wNMLJ50_S5dIOP7XPQLduL390bS7zRIBIFG9Lus5f08olVWeWu5Irsd6qybOFFmW9uv0PO_1GK9sDh089Fxk3f9KzzTngVwzR6fn3II4DW6uB-Fuw/s1600/plant-animal-cell.jpg" height="222" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="SV">Secara umum, perbedaan tersebut
dapat dinyatakan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Hewan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Tumbuhan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Terdapat sentriol</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada sentriol</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Tidak ada
pembentukan dinding sel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Terdapat sitokinesis dan pembentukan
dinding sel</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-MX">Ada kutub
animal dan vegetal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-MX">Tidak ada
perbedaan kutub embriogenik, yang ada semacam epigeal dan hipogeal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Jaringan sel
hewan bergerak menjadi bentuk yang berbeda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Jaringan sel
tumbuhan tumbuh menjadi bentuk yang berbeda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Terdapat proses gastrulasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Terdapat proses histodiferensiasi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Tidak terdapat
jaringan embrionik seumur hidup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Meristem
sebagai jaringan embrionik seumur hidup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Terdapat batasan pertumbuhan (ukuran
tubuh)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada batasan pertumbuhan, kecuali
kemampuan akar dalam hal menopang berat tubuh bagian atas</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Apoptosis untuk perkembangan jaringan,
melibatkan mitokondria dan caspase</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak ada "Apoptosis", yang ada
lebih ke arah proteksi diri, tidak melibatkan mitokondria</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9EAD3; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sel disebut sebagai unit struktural,
unit fungsional terkecil dari makhluk hidup. Semua makhluk hidup dibumi ini
disusun oleh satu sampai miliaran unit sel. Ukuran sel yang sangat mikroskopik,
sehingga harus menggunakan alat bantu mikroskop untuk dapat mengamatinya.</span><b><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9EAD3; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara umum, sel dibagi menjadi dua
yaitu:</span><b><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9EAD3; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b><i>sel prokariotik</i></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsc4Mbgqll8oxuvyDigfeldgsnFKIv4UEuLwW5MoLE-H3uVlEuCSr0RiKBekwBelp0KO0zmjqXsW1VVLWnmS8qJJ0FKPCvFMI1kaCiBHOACB-CRestFoE3HpSswVX9YarCJFNRdwn7bfkQ/s1600/BAKTERI+PROKARIOT.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsc4Mbgqll8oxuvyDigfeldgsnFKIv4UEuLwW5MoLE-H3uVlEuCSr0RiKBekwBelp0KO0zmjqXsW1VVLWnmS8qJJ0FKPCvFMI1kaCiBHOACB-CRestFoE3HpSswVX9YarCJFNRdwn7bfkQ/s1600/BAKTERI+PROKARIOT.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9EAD3; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sel prokariotik berati sel yang tidak
memiliki membran inti atau karioteka. Organisme prokariotik misalnya adalah
kelompok bakteri.</span><b><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9EAD3; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebanyakan sel prokariot mereproduksi
melalui proses yang disebut pembelahan biner. Selama pembelahan biner, molekul
DNA tunggal ulangan dan sel asli dibagi menjadi dua sel anak yang identik.</span><b><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9EAD3; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sel eukariotik</span></i></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWuCBNH-_nPExMxLpy4ssExh-MvbPDwLdxr6C16Fv0Apjr4WsIqh1XoIcb-diBhe7L7RdvS0HwAOR_CjAMTFtSiDazY_rFPwTo20hDTRDYhUPvW_rQso87W0oTXLxS-smhhvF7mcGZmbAH/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWuCBNH-_nPExMxLpy4ssExh-MvbPDwLdxr6C16Fv0Apjr4WsIqh1XoIcb-diBhe7L7RdvS0HwAOR_CjAMTFtSiDazY_rFPwTo20hDTRDYhUPvW_rQso87W0oTXLxS-smhhvF7mcGZmbAH/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9EAD3; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sel eukariotik sudah memiliki membran
inti. Organisme eukariotik berasal dari kingdom animalia, plantae, fungi, dan
protista.</span><b><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9EAD3; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Eukariota tumbuh dan berkembang biak
melalui proses yang disebut mitosis. Dalam organisme yang juga bereproduksi
secara seksual, sel-sel reproduksi yang diproduksi oleh suatu jenis pembelahan
sel yang disebut meiosis</span><b><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9EAD3; line-height: 19.2pt;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kedua organisme
eukariotik dan prokariotik mendapatkan energi yang mereka butuhkan untuk tumbuh
dan mempertahankan fungsi sel normal melalui respirasi selular. Respirasi
selular memiliki tiga tahap utama: glikolisis, siklus asam sitrat, dan transpor
elektron. Pada eukariota, reaksi respirasi seluler yang paling terjadi dalam
mitokondria. Dalam prokariota, mereka terjadi dalam sitoplasma dan / atau dalam
membran sel.</span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9EAD3; line-height: 11.4pt;">
<b><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perbedaan sel
prokariotik dan sel eukariotik</span></b><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9EAD3; line-height: 11.4pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #a11e3a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #D9EAD3; line-height: 11.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKxqZw5LmP-c4uKdZmRBWLQgGh_KPAM_zzuiRQJp0bOjxb5pTEpIQ1Eirj02mf-ijYYtRf4VcHSQKE-B6sGslfbBHrFfR4TdDy23phyphenhyphenlfQkIjvSbuis6DxAHez0qTRtU7jbgtouRIwBYma/s1600/sel+prokariotik+dan+eukariotik.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKxqZw5LmP-c4uKdZmRBWLQgGh_KPAM_zzuiRQJp0bOjxb5pTEpIQ1Eirj02mf-ijYYtRf4VcHSQKE-B6sGslfbBHrFfR4TdDy23phyphenhyphenlfQkIjvSbuis6DxAHez0qTRtU7jbgtouRIwBYma/s1600/sel+prokariotik+dan+eukariotik.JPG" /></a></div>
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 280px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Struktur</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prokariotik</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Eukariotik</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membran nukleus<br />
Membran plastida<br />
Nukleus<br />
Plastida<br />
Mitokondria<br />
Badan Golgi<br />
DNA<br />
RNA<br />
Histon<br />
Pigmen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-<br />
-<br />
+<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
+<br />
+<br />
-<br />
+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+/-<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 11.4pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
Keterangan: – (tidak ada); + (ada)</span><br />
<br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a href="http://masterbiologi.com/struktur-sel-pada-makhluk-hidup/" target="_blank" title="Struktur Sel pada Makhluk Hidup - MasterBiologi.com"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Struktur </span></a><a href="http://masterbiologi.com/mengenal-sel-hewan-dan-sel-tumbuhan/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">sel</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> adalah suatu massa protoplasma yang dibatasi oleh suatu membran serta memiliki nukleus. Benda dapat dikatakan hidup jika mempunyai membran plasma, mengandung bahan-bahan genetika dan mampu melakukan proses sintesa protein.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a href="http://masterbiologi.com/struktur-sel-pada-makhluk-hidup/" target="_blank" title="Struktur Sel - MasterBiologi.com"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Struktur sel</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> terbagi atas tiga bagian, yaitu membran plasma, inti sel, dan sitoplasma. Pada sitoplasma terdapat berbagai macam organel sel yang memiliki peranan masing-masing.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A. MEMBRAN PLASMA</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Membran plasma terdiri atas dua lapisan, yaitu:</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1. Membran Sel</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Memiliki ketebalan 5-10 nm. Membran sel tersusun atas lipoprotein (50% protein dan 50% lipid). Lipid yang menyusunnya terdiri atas fosfolipid (hidrofilik) dan sterol hidrofobik. Membran sel bersifat </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a href="http://id.termwiki.com/ID:selectively_permeable" target="_blank" title="Pengertian Selektif Permeable"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">selektif permeabel</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> yang artinya hanya dapat dilalui oleh air dan zat-zat yang terkandung di dalamnya.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a href="http://masterbiologi.com/mekanisme-transportasi-zat/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Fungsi membran sel</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, yaitu:</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai pelindung sel.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.4pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">Mengendalikan proses pertukaran zat ke luar dan ke dalam sel.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">Tempat terjadinya reaksi kimia.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2. Dinding Sel</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Dinding sel hanya terdapat pada sel </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a href="http://masterbiologi.com/ciri-dan-klasifikasi-tumbuhan/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">tumbuhan</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Dinding sel tersusun atas senyawa selulosa, zat pektin, hemiselulosa, dan glikoprotein. Berperan sebagai pelindung organel-organel sel di dalamnya dan untuk mempertahankan bentuk sel.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">SEL MEMILIKI BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEBAGAI
BERIKUT</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Membran Sel</span><b style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv-xgBMnWjqSLM1AaZB5gkQrVV1RMNKkN5BCNF7D4_OQM1BoZNKzWExDTK7-OixAwvFoDj__6lvWxZpdyylQc6XhCEaNX61i719K6D1l4kBYVWUTSCpyx20c4ICMXYilEIvd-1DR2oqUMu/s1600/membran+sel.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv-xgBMnWjqSLM1AaZB5gkQrVV1RMNKkN5BCNF7D4_OQM1BoZNKzWExDTK7-OixAwvFoDj__6lvWxZpdyylQc6XhCEaNX61i719K6D1l4kBYVWUTSCpyx20c4ICMXYilEIvd-1DR2oqUMu/s1600/membran+sel.png" height="131" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Membran sel merupakan suatu membran
fosfolipid bilayer yang membatasi sel dengan lingkungan luarnya. Membran sel
memiliki fungsi antara lain</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">§</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mengontrol keluar masuknya zat dari luar ke dalam sel atau sebaliknya.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">§</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai reseptor atau penerima rangsang.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">§</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai pelindung agar isinya tidak keluar dari dalam sel.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pada sel tumbuhan dan prokariotik,
membran selnya berkembang menjadi kaku atau disebut dengan dinding sel. Fungsi
dari dinding sel tersebut adalah sebagai pelindung serta penunjang sel.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2. Sitoplasma</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sitoplasma adalah ruang antara membran
sel dan organel nukleus. Sitoplasma tersusun atas sistem larutan yang meliputi
90%air, senyawa organik terlarut, dan koloida atau bahan tidak larut. Di dalam
sitoplasma terdapat organela-organela untuk menunjang fungsi sel.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3. Organela</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Dalam melaksanakan fungsinya, sel
dibantu oleh berbagai macam organela yang memiliki peran masing-masing.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">a. Nukleus</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYbGKP2uNq-eS8cRQefjCd9kZvtCrcOagDNadXWOLOuqRiIxullk2umVkSG-es0X1SvtnphoMtUpkKd-3zsOOcxONewLcloTA_N6tED2ITwl08KQ2S5RIcKtKUzbtFExuDgGvqfLjjjr08/s1600/nukleus.png" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYbGKP2uNq-eS8cRQefjCd9kZvtCrcOagDNadXWOLOuqRiIxullk2umVkSG-es0X1SvtnphoMtUpkKd-3zsOOcxONewLcloTA_N6tED2ITwl08KQ2S5RIcKtKUzbtFExuDgGvqfLjjjr08/s1600/nukleus.png" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nukleus merupakan organela yang sangat
penting. Karena di dalam nukleus terdapat materi genetik berupa DNA yang
merupakan pembawa kode genetik. Nukleus merupakan organela yang dilindungi oleh
membran inti atau karioteka. Jika organela ini tidak dilapisi oleh karioteka
maka disebut dengan Nukleoid. Nukleoid dapat kita dijumpai pada bakteri.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">b. Retikulum Endoplasma</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQAJNyzaoYOoqCk7FaFADPq1SnlP1pcM9415aH7X_OcopqwpmH0t7A6TyqlX_NPMyFwqFKuchW-HhWVkTZhfVCBtrHqsFH5_FseNpKY9d5LuLriUkNjhUgPOnmyr9fAku4gNwE_f0rx_5C/s1600/400px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_id.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQAJNyzaoYOoqCk7FaFADPq1SnlP1pcM9415aH7X_OcopqwpmH0t7A6TyqlX_NPMyFwqFKuchW-HhWVkTZhfVCBtrHqsFH5_FseNpKY9d5LuLriUkNjhUgPOnmyr9fAku4gNwE_f0rx_5C/s1600/400px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_id.svg.png" height="250" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Retikulum endoplasma merupakan sistem
membran kompleks pada eukariotik yang tersusun secara tidak beraturan.
Fungsinya adalah untuk mengatur keluar masuknya zat dari nukleus ke sitoplasma.
Retikulum endoplasma dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu RE kasar yang memiliki
ribosom dan RE halus yang tidak memiliki ribosom.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">c. Ribosom</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ribosom adalah organela yang sangat
kecil berukuran 20 nm. Tersusun dari protein dan RNA. Fungsi dari ribosom
adalah sebagai tempat melekatnya RNA untuk translasi protein. Ribosom dapat
ditemukan pada sitoplasma dan RE kasar.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">d. Kompleks Golgi</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kompleks golgi, atau golgi aparatus,
atau diktiosom adalah organela berbentuk mangkuk yang dapat ditemukan pada
salah satu sisi nukleus. Kompleks golgi pada sel-sel kelenjar umumnya dapat
berkembang baik. Hal tersebut terjadi karena kompleks golgi berperan dalam
proses sekresi.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">e. Mitokondria</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu3NBYaTxMOQpdwRVwqZVhWV0oOu619mpMfkMF10V_wSEwjlcUIayyOuTdEJv336-rFievDz_c1wS3fQQpiM-qifvQOefqQTYDIKoT09CrCt3WcHf02o_EWWIQGo2j8C9dNX2gOlxO_mkI/s1600/mitokondria.png" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu3NBYaTxMOQpdwRVwqZVhWV0oOu619mpMfkMF10V_wSEwjlcUIayyOuTdEJv336-rFievDz_c1wS3fQQpiM-qifvQOefqQTYDIKoT09CrCt3WcHf02o_EWWIQGo2j8C9dNX2gOlxO_mkI/s1600/mitokondria.png" height="220" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mitokondria adalah organela yang
berfungsi sebagai tempat penghasilan energi dalam bentuk ATP. Jumlah
mitokondria pada sel berbeda-beda tergantung pada jumlah energi yang dibutuhkan
sel tersebut. Mitokondria memiliki struktur yang dilindungi oleh membran ganda,
dan bagian dalamnya berlekuk-lekuk atau sering disebut krista. Diantara krista,
terdapat ruangan yang disebut matriks. Didalam matriks biasanya terdapat enzim
pernapasan, DNA, dan protein.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">f. Plastida</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Plastida adalah organela yang hanya
dapat ditemukan pada sel tumbuhan. Menurut fungsinya, plastida dapat dibedakan
menjadi tiga. Yang pertama adalah leukoplas, berfungsi untuk menyimpan cadangan
makanan. Kedua adalah kloroplas, yang berfungsi sebagai tempat terjadinya
fotosintesis. Lalu Kromoplas yang memiliki pigmen warna non-fotosintetik.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">g. Vakuola</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN2gIrlCSx9GOc9LWs0LUKaUBqZGNWuA7eipo1LvFxz6ubKuwbMVsXWoxXx5CgbmhaGjR94fBbRotAh0cj9qboLEQUqAOCU4jpjeLZ_1tzCJ55kJMaWN6W4OGuvBzXLLZL6JZkL-UwOPCh/s1600/sel_tumbuhan2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN2gIrlCSx9GOc9LWs0LUKaUBqZGNWuA7eipo1LvFxz6ubKuwbMVsXWoxXx5CgbmhaGjR94fBbRotAh0cj9qboLEQUqAOCU4jpjeLZ_1tzCJ55kJMaWN6W4OGuvBzXLLZL6JZkL-UwOPCh/s1600/sel_tumbuhan2.gif" height="320" width="312" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Vakuola merupakan organel yang berbentuk
rongga. Pada sel tumbuhan, vakuola dapat berkembang dengan sangat baik yang
disebut sebagai vakuola tengah. Fungsi utama dari vakuola adalah menyeimbangkan
tekanan turgor, menyimpan dan mencerna makanan.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">h. Silia dan flagela</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Silia merupakan struktur berbentuk
rambut halus mikroskopik yang sering ditemukan pada organisme uniseluler.
Fungsinya adalah sebagai alat pergerakan dan pelekatan.</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Flagela adalah struktur yang menonjol
dari membran plasma. Fungsinya hampir sama dengan silia, namun flagela memiliki
kelebihan untuk bergerak ke segala arah. Flagela sering ditemukan pada
Coelenterata, Protozoa, atau Porifera</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">B. NUKLEUS (lnti Sel)</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nukleus merupakan
organel terbesar dalam sel, yaitu berukuran antara 10-20 nm. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Fungsi inti sel,
yaitu:</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mengendalikan proses metabolisme dalam tubuh.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11px; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 11.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 11.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;">Tempat tersimpannya materi genetik dalam bentuk DNA/RNA.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 11.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 11.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 11.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 11.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;">Sebagai tempat terjadinya replikasi dan transkripsi DNA</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Komposisi nukleus
terdiri atas tiga organel, yaitu:</b></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Membran nukleus (karioteka).</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Matriks (nukleoplasma), yaitu cairan inti yang tersusun atas zat protein
inti (nukleoprotein).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nukleolus (anak inti), di dalamnya banyak mengandung kromosom yang
berfungsi untuk menentukan ciri sel, mengatur bentuk sel, dan menentukan
generasi sel selanjutnya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">C. SITOPLASMA</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sitoplasma merupakan
suatu cairan sel dengan segala sesuatu yang terkandung di dalamnya, yaitu
makromolekul, mikromolekul, ion-ion, dan organel sel. Tiap-tiap organel pada
sitoplasma memiliki struktur dan peran khusus, antara lain:</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1. Mitokondria</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mitokondria merupakan
organel penghasil energi dalam sel yang tersusun atas fosfolipid dan protein.
Terdiri atas dua lapisan, yaitu membran luar yang halus, membran dalam yang
berlekuk-lekuk (krista), dan matriks mitokondria. Mitokondria berperan sebagai
tempat terjadinya respirasi seluler dan menghasilkan</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a href="http://masterbiologi.com/suksesi-dan-siklus-biogeokimia/" target="_blank" title="Suksesi dan Siklus Biogeokimia"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">ATP</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2. Ribosom</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ribosom adalah organel
terkecil dalam sitoplasma dengan ukuran 17-20 mikron. Tersusun atas protein dan
RNA ribosomal (RNAr). Berperan dalam sintesis protein. Terdapat menyebar di
sitoplasma dan ada yang menempel di REK.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3. Retikulum
Endoplasma (RE)</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Terdapat dua jenis
retikulum endoplasma (RE), yaitu:</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Retikulum endoplasma kasar (REK), pada permukaannya banyak ditempeli oleh
ribosom (tempat sintesis protein). REK berfungsi sebagai transpor protein yang
disintesis di dalam ribosom.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Retikulum endoplasma halus (REH), permukaannya tidak ditempeli oleh
ribosom, dan menghasilkan enzim yang dapat mensintesis fosfolipid, glikolipid,
dan steroid.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>4. Badan golgi</b></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Badan golgi merupakan
sekumpulan kantung pipih yang bertumpuk dan tiap kantungnya dibatasi oleh
membran saccula. Berperan aktif dalam proses sekresi, terutama pada sel-sel
kelenjar. Menghasilkan lisosom dan membentuk dinding </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a href="http://masterbiologi.com/mengenal-sel-hewan-dan-sel-tumbuhan/" target="_blank" title="Mengenal SEL Hewan dan SEL Tumbuhan"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">sel pada tumbuhan</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>5. Lisosom</b></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Lisosom banyak
terdapat pada sel-sel </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a href="http://masterbiologi.com/fungsi-dan-komponen-darah-manusia/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">darah</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> terutama
leukosit, limfosit, dan monosit. Berperan aktif dalam melakukan fungsi imunitas
dengan mensintesis enzim-enzim hidrolitik untuk mencernakan </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a href="http://masterbiologi.com/penggolongan-bakteri-bagian-1/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">bakteri</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">patogen yang menyerang
tubuh. Membantu menghancurkan sel yang luka atau mati dan menggantikannya
dengan sel baru yang disebut autofagus.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>6. Vakuola</b></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Vakuola merupakan
organel sitoplasmik yang berisi cairan dan dibatasi oleh selaput tipis
(tonoplas). Pada sel </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a href="http://masterbiologi.com/ciri-dan-klasifikasi-porifera/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">hewan</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> berukuran sedang
dan pada sel tumbuhan berukuran besar. Berperan sebagai penyimpan cadangan
makanan dan sisa metabolisme, pengatur tekanan turgor pada sel tumbuhan.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>7. Plastida</b></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Plastida merupakan
organel spesifik yang hanya terdapat pada sel tumbuhan. Di dalam plastida
terdapat zat pigmen. Berdasarkan pigmennya, plastida terbagi tiga jenis, yaitu:<br />
Plastida berwarna, adalah kloroplas (mengandung klorofil atau zat hijau daun)
dan kromoplas (mengandung karotenoid atau zat warna kuning, jingga, dan merah).<br />
Plastida tak berwarna, adalah leukoplas yang berguna untuk menyimpan cadangan
makanan.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>8. Sentrosom</b></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sentrosom hanya dapat
dijumpai pada sel hewan. Berbentuk bulat kecil dan terdapat di dekat inti. Berperan
dalam proses pembelahan sel.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>9. Badan mikro</b></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Badan mikro terdiri
atas dua jenis, yaitu peroksisom dan glioksisom. Peroksisom terdapat pada sel
hewan yang mengeluarkan enzim katalase dan berfungsi untuk menguraikan senyawa
hidrogen peroksida. Glioksisom berperan dalam mengubah lemak menjadi sukrosa.</span></span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #545454; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -27.8pt;"><b>10.</b></span><b style="text-indent: -27.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kloroplas</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -27.8pt;">, </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCsSsHUqf51pbYTITheMMMF9pd9DgFJbh2LLZ049oUAuwxKffOqCxPz4GgBGKaFq84zJfDLfg7D4S2UWccD5B63Hl2QHsTHLsJqGW4RWE3Iw80fhqPlGlQU-A1TkW6hD5-PivXRHRRpkB/s1600/kloroplas.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCsSsHUqf51pbYTITheMMMF9pd9DgFJbh2LLZ049oUAuwxKffOqCxPz4GgBGKaFq84zJfDLfg7D4S2UWccD5B63Hl2QHsTHLsJqGW4RWE3Iw80fhqPlGlQU-A1TkW6hD5-PivXRHRRpkB/s1600/kloroplas.png" height="191" width="320" /></a></div>
organel kecil berbentuk bulat yang berwarna hijau karena
mengandung pigmen klorofil. Hanya terdapat di sel tumbuhan. Berperan dalam
proses fotosintesis tumbuhan yang menghasilkan energi dan bahan makanan
tumbuhan.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Aldo neveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07527267717162744131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3283146800553785267.post-33207203323307443352013-07-06T06:50:00.000-07:002015-03-16T02:13:36.523-07:00Makalah Perdarahan Saat Mencabut Gigi<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB I</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I.1. Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komplikasi
pencabutan gigi banyak jumlahnya dan bervariasi, serta beberapa di antaranya
dapat terjadi meskipun sudah dilakukan tindakan sebaik mungkin. Respon pasien
tertentu dapat dianggap normal sebagai kelanjutan yang normal dari suatu
tindakan pembedahan, yaitui perdarahan, rasa sakit dan edema. Tetapi apabila
berlebihan, perlu dipikirkan lagi apakah termasuk morbiditas yang biasa ataukah
komplikasi. Komplikasi digolongkan menjadi intraoperatif, segera setelah operasi,
dan jauh sesudah operasi</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perdarahan
mungkin merupakan komplikasi yang paling ditakuti, karena oleh dokter maupun
pasien dianggap dapat mengancam kehidupan. Pasien dengan gangguan pembekuan
darah sangatlah jarang ditemukan, kebanyakan adalah individu dengan penhyakit
hati, misalnya seorang alkoholik yang menderita sirosis, pasien yang menerima
terapi antikoagulan, atau pasien yang mengkonsumsi aspirin dosis tinggi atau
agen antiradang nonsteroid. Semua itu mempunyai resiko perdarahan</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembedahan
merupakan tindakan yang dapat mencetuskan perdarahan, untuk penderita dengan
kondisi yang normal, perdarahan yang terjadi dapat mudah ditangani. Hal yang
berbeda dapat terjadi apabila pasien mengalami gangguan sistem hemostasis,
perdarahan yang hebat dapat terjadi dan sering mengancam kelangsungan hidupnya</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bukanlah hal
yang tidak mungkin terjadi kita dihadapkan dengan kelainan hemostasis ringan
sehingga dalam evaluasi pra bedah tidak terdeteksi secara klinis. Kesulitan
kemudian timbul setelah dilakukan pembedahan, terjadi perdarahan selama ataupun
sesudah pembedahan sehingga dapat mengancam jiwa pasien. Oleh karenanya
kelainan hemostasis sekecil apapun sebaiknya diketahui sebelum tindakan bedah
dikerjakan agar dapat dilakukan persiapan dan pencegahan sebelumnya.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I.2. Rumusan Masalah</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Hal-hal apa yang perlu diperhatikan sebelum
melakukan tindakan ekstraksi?</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi terjadinya
perdarahan post ekstraksi?</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Bagaimana penatalaksanaan pasien yang mengalami
perdarahan post ektraksi?</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I.3.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Tujuan
Penulisan</b></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Mengetahui hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan sebelum
melakukan tindakan ekstraksi.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh pada
terjadinya perdarahan post ekstraksi.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Mengetahui penatalaksanaan pasien yang mengalami
perdarahan post ekstraksi.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff3db; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.1. Definisi pencabutan gigi<sup>1</sup></span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pencabutan gigi merupakan suatu proses pengeluaran
gigi dari alveolus, dimanan pada gigi tersebut sudah tidak dapat dilakukan
perawatan lagi.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pencabutan gigi juga adalah operasi bedah yang
melibatkan jaringan bergerak dan jaringan lunak dari rongga mulut, akses yang
dibatasi oleh bibir dan pipi, dan selanjutnya dihubungkan/disatukan oleh
gerakan lidah dan rahang.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Definisi pencabutan gigi yang ideal adalah pencabutan
tanpa rasa sakit satu gigi utuh atau akar gigi dengan trauma minimal terhadap
jaringan pendukung gigi, sehingga bekas pencabutan dapat sembuh dengan sempurna
dan tidak terdapat masalah prostetik di masa mendatang.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seorang dokter gigi haruslah mengusahakan agar setiap
pencabutan gigi yang dilakukannya merupakan suatu tindakan yang ideal. Untuk
mencapai tujuan tersebut dan menghindari komplikasi yang mungkin timbul pada
pencabutan gigi haruslah mengetahui indikasi dan kontraindikasi dari pencabutan
gigi.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.2. Indikasi dan kontraindikasi pencabutan gigi</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indikasi :<b><sup> 1</sup></b></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gigi yang sudah
karies dan tidak dapat diselamatkan dengan perawatan apapun.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pulpitis atau
gigi dengan pulpa non-vital yang harus dicabut jika perawatan endodontic tidak
dapat dilakukan.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Periodontitis
apical. Gigi posterior non-vital dengan penyakit periapikal sering harus
dilakukan pencabutan.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyakit
periodontal. Sebagai panduan, kehilangan setengah dari kedalaman tulang
alveolar yang normal atau ekstensi poket ke bifurkasi akar gigi bagian posterior
atau mobilitas yang jelas berarti pencabutan gigi tidak bias dihindari lagi.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gigi pecah atau
patah. Dimana garis pecah setengah mahkota dari akar.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rahang pecah.
Jika garis gigi peca mungkin harus dilakukan pencabutan untuk mencegah infeksi
tulang.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk perawatan
ortodonsi</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Supernumerary
teeth</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gigi yang
merusak jaringan lunak, jika pengobatan atau terapi lainnya tidak mecegah
trauma atau kerusakan.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah tempat dan
dampaknya. Harus dilakukan pencabutan ketika gigi menjadi karies, menyebabkan
nyeri, atau kerusakan batas gigi.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gigi yang tidak
dapat disembuhkan dengan ilmu konservasi</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">12.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gigi impaksi dan
gigi non erupsi (tidak semua gigi impaksi dan non erupsi dicabut)</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">13.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gigi utama yang
tertahan apabila gigi permanen telah ada dan dalam posisi normal.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">14.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persiapan radioterapi. Sebelum radiasi tumor oral,
gigi yang tidak sehat membutuhkan pencabutan, atau pengangkatan untuk mereduksi
paparan radiasi yang berhubungan dengan osteomelitis.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kontraindikasi :<b><sup> 1</sup></b></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apabila pasien
tidak menghendaki giginya dicabut</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan yang
tidak diinginkan</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alergi pada
anastesi local</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipertensi jika
pendarahan tidak terkontrol</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diabetes yang
tidak terkontrol sangat mempengaruhi penyembuhan luka</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gigi yang masih dapat dirawat/dipertahnkan dengan
perawatan konservasi, endodontic dan sebagainya.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.3. Definisi Darah dan Perdarahan<sup>1</sup></span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Darah adalah cairan merah kental yang mengalir
sepanjang jantung dan pembukuh darah, membawa bahan makanan dan oksigen ke
semua jaringan tubuh dan produk buangan serta karbondioksida keluar dari
jaringan.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan adalah keluarnya darah dari saluran yang
normal (arteri, vena, kapiler) ke dalam ruang ekstra vaskuler oleh karena
hilangnya kontinuitas pembuluh darah.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.4. Komponen-komponen Darah<sup>2</sup></span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Darah tersusun atas beberapa elemen dan
perubahan-perubahan dalam seluruh elemen-elemen tersebut harus diperhatikan.
Komponen-komponen darah tersebut memperlihatkan perubahan fisiologi dan
patologi atau keduanya yang merefleksi penyakit dalam system hemopoetik atau
sebagai hasil penyakit pada tubuh lainnya Adapun komponen-komponen darah
tersebut antara lain:</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Plasma darah</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sel darah merah
(<i>eritrocyte</i>)</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sel darah putih
(<i>leukocyte</i>)</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keping-keping
darah (<i>trombocyte</i>)</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.5. Faktor
Koagulasi Darah<sup>2</sup></span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biasanya,
koagulasi darah diterangkan terjadi dalam empat tahap. Tahap I disebutkan
mengankut pembentukan tromboplastin, tahap II berhubungan dengan pembentukan
thrombin dari tromboplastin, tahap III terdiri dari konversi fibrinogen menjadi
fibrin, dan tahap IV mengangkut lisis gumpalan fibrin. Faktor-faktor koagulasi
lainnnya mungkin terlibat, tetapi perannyatidak dipahami dengan baik dan tidak
memberikan fungsi nyata dalam pola ini.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh karena
penemuan-penemuan baru dalam hematologi, proses koagulasi sekarang dapat
dijelaskan lebih baik dengan memeperhatikan peranan kedua belas factor-faktor
koagulasi yang diketahui. Setiap factor umumnya dituliskan dengan angka romawi
dengan pengecualian pada protrombin dan fibrinogen.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor-faktor
koagulasi darah lainnya:<sup>2</sup></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fletcher factor</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor ini
merupakan suatu glikoprotein yang identik dengan prekalikrein. Factor XIIa
mengaktifkan prekalikrein menjadi kalikrein. Sebaliknya, kalikrein berfungsi
sebagai umpan-balik yang positif bagi percepatan aktivasi F.XII</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">William factor
(Fitzgerald factor)</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor ini juga suatu glikoprotein dan dibutuhkan
sebagai ko-faktor dalam penyempurnaan proses aktivasi prekalikrein oleh F.
XIIa.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Von Willebrand
factor (cWF)</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Factor ini
merupakan sub unit dari F.VIII yang akivitasnya diperlukan oleh trombosit dalam
proses adhesi.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.6. Klasifikasi Perdarahan<sup>2</sup></span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut pembuluh
darah yang terluka</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan
arterial : pendarahan dari pembuluh arteri. Tanda : warna darah merah terang.
Darah keluar dengan menyemprot dengan aliran yang intermitten, sesuai dengan
denyut jantung.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan vena,
pendarahan dari pembuluh darah vena. Tanda : darah mengalir dengan aliran yang
tetap. Warna darah merah gelap.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan
kapiler, ialah pendarahan dari pembuluh adarah kapiler. Tanda : keluarnya darah
merembes dari permukaan</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut waktu
terjadinya pendarahan</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan
primer, ialah pendarahan yang terjadi pada waktu terputusnya pembuluh darah
karena kecelakaan atau operasi. Di dalam pendarahan primer darah tidak berhenti
setelah 4 -5 menit sesudah operasi selesai.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan
intermediet, terjadi pdalam waktu 24 jam setelah kecelakaan atau setalah
operasi. Selama operasi tekanan darah pasien mungkin akan turun karena
semisyok. Dan ketika tekanan darah kembali normal, sejalan dengan membaiknya
pasien, inilah yang disebut pendarahan intermediet atau rekuren.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan
sekunder, pendarahan yang terjadi setelah 24 jam atau beberapa hari setelah
kecelakaan atau operasi. Ini yang biasanya menyebabkan pembekuan darah
terbongkar diikuti infeksi.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut
lokasinya</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan
eksternal, keluar darah dari kulit atau jaringan lunak di bawahnya. Disebut
pendarahan tampak.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.3pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan
internal, darah yang keluar dan masuk ke dalam jaringan. Disebut
pendarahan yang tidak tampak.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut
sebab-sebab terjadinya pendarahan</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab dari pendarahan yang tidak normal bisa
terjadi karena mekanik atau biokemis.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan
mekanik</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarah spontan
atau pendarahan biokemis adalah pendarahan yang terjadi akibat kelainan atau
gangguan mekanisme hemostatis, karena tidak normalnya elemen darah atau system
vascular yang dapat mencegah terjadinya pembuluh darah yang normal. Kelainan
ini dapat terjadi pada :</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuluh
darahnya (vascular)</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Trombosit
(jumlah dan fungsinya)</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mekanisme
pembekuan darah</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 67.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan pembekuan darah</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan terjadi karena dari dinding pembuluh darah. Sehingga dengan
adanya tekanan intravaskuler atau ekstravaskuler yang lebih besar dibandingkan
dengan retensi didnding pembuluh darah. Factor penyebab :<sup>2</sup></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor congenital.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelainan
trombosit</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan oleh
gangguan pembekuan</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkiraan
kecenderungan perdarahan adalah dengan menguasai berbagai macam bahaya
perdarahan sebelum melakukan tindakan pemudahan. Seorang operator harus
mengetahui riwayat kesehatan dan perawatan pasien atau apakah ada anggota
keuarga yang mepunyai kecenderungan pendarahan seperti mimisan. Selain itu
sebelum melakukan tindakan pembedahan harus diketahui apakah pasien sudah
mengkonsumsi makanan dengan gizi yang cukup. Apabila pasien tidak memiliki
asupan gizi yang cukup maka operator harus mengintruksikan pada pasien untuk
mengkonsumsi buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran. <sup>5</sup></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.65pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk memperkirakan waktu perdarahan dapat diambil contoh darah dari jari
pasien dengan menggunakan Lanset. Darah harus keluar dengan bebas tanpa
ditekan. Setelah setengah menit, darah yang keluar dihapus dengan kertas filter
dan sebisa mungkin tidak menyentuh kulit. Waktu perdarahan normal biasanya
antara 1- 2 menit.<sup>5</sup></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.7. Faktor Pembekuan Darah<sup>3</sup></span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 659px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peranan pada Pembekuan Darah</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tes</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fibrinogen</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prekursor
fibrin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PT</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Protrombin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proenzim
diaktifkan oleh tromboplastin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PT</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">III.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tromboplastin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diperlukan
untuk mengubah protrombin menjadi thrombin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">IV.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalsium</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diperlukan
pada semua tahap</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PT</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proaccelerin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prlukan
untuk pembentukan tromboplastin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PT</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">VI.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak lagi digunakan</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">VII.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proconvertin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diperlukan
untuk mengubah protrombin menjadi thrombin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PT</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">VIII.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor anti hemofilik (AHF)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diperlukan
untuk pembentuknan tromboplastin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PTT</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">IX.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komponen plasma trombo plastin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diperlukan
untuk pembentukan tromboplastin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PTT</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">X.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor Stuart-prower</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diperlukan
dalam pembentukan tromboplastin dan perubahan dari protrombin menjadi trombin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PT</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">XI.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anteseden tromplastin plasma</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diperlukan
dalam pembentukan tromboplastin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PTT</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">XII.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor Hageman</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengawali
proses pembekuan darah in-vitro</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PTT</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 147.15pt;" valign="top" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">XIII.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor stabilisasi fibrin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 276.45pt;" valign="top" width="369"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengubah
fibrin menjadi polimer fibrin</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PTT</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada dua reaksi kimia yang terlibat dalam proses
pembekuan darah yaitu:</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prothrombin +
Thromboplastin + Kalsium = Thrombin</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Thrombin +
Fibrinogen = Fibrin</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fibrin tidak larut dalam air sehingga dapat menahan
aliran darah. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari reaksi di atas yang melibatkan empat
komposisi yang esensial untuk mekanisme pembekuan: (1) Prothrombin,(2)
Thromboplastin,(3) Kalsium dan (4) Fibrinogen.<sup>5</sup></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.8. Kontrol Lokal untuk Perdarahan</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suction dan penerangan yang baik merupakan persyaratan
utama bagi control local untuk perdarahan. Apabila bagian yang mengalami
perdarahan sudah ditemukan, lakukan anastetesi local supaya perawatan tidak
menyakitkan. Bekuan darah yang ada dibersihkan dan bagian tersebut dikeringkan
dan diperiksa. Apabioa perdarahan berasal dari dinding tulang, maka alveolus
diisi dengan sponge gelatin yang dapat diabsorbsi (Gelfoam) atau sponge kolagen
mikrofibrilar.<b><sup> 3</sup></b></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebelum melakukan prosedur pembedahan oral, sangat
penting untuk memahami berbagai faktor yang berpengaruh di dalam mengontrol
perdarahan. Tubuh manusia sendiri memiliki beberapa mekanisme untuk mengontrol
perdarahan. Ketika dilakukan pemotongan maka pembuluh kapiler yang kecil
cenderung untuk berkontraksi sehingga menutup aliran darah. Kemampuan darah
untuk mengalami koagulasi adalah faktor yang sangat penting,sehingga bekuan
darah dapat menyumbat ujung pembuluh yang dipotong. Efek faso kontriksi seperti
adrenalin,suprarenin,atau epinefrin atau faso kontriktor yang lain berpengaruh
dengan proses pembukuan darah. <sup>5</sup></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.9. Hematom<sup>3</sup></span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hematom adalah
perdarahan setempat yang membeku dan membentuk massa yang padat. Kadang-kadang
perdarahan sesudah pencabutan dengan tang atau pencabutan gigi dengan
pembedahan berlangsung internal, yaitu meluas sepanjang dataran fasial atau
periosteum. Perdarahan bisa diatasi dengan tampon (terbentuknya tekanan
ekstravaskular local dari tampon), pembekuan atau keduanya. Hematom biasanya
bermula sebagai pembengkakan rongga mulut atau fasial atau keduanya, yang
sering berwarna merah atau ekhimotik. Dengan berjalannya waktu akan berubah
menjadi noda memar berwarna biru dan hitam.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.10.</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <b>Perdarahan Pasca Pencabutan Gigi</b></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat berupa:<sup>4</sup></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Primer – terjadi sewaktu
pencabutan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reaksioner – terjadi jika
arteriole membesar sewaktu efek adrenalin dalam anastesi local hilang.</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sekunder – sebagai akibat
dari infeksi. Hanya infeksi virulen yang menyebabkan perdarahan dalam
waktu 24 jam setelah pencabutan gigi. Soket yang tidak infeksi biasanya
tidak mengalami pendarahan selama 48 jam.</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atau mungkin ada
faktor-faktor lokal yang lain, seperti :<sup>4</sup></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peradangan gingival yang
sudah ada akan menyebabkan pasokan darah meningkat pada pembuluh yang
membesar.</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gingiva terkoyak.
Pembuluh yang terkoyak tidak bisa mengecil dan retraksi.</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fraktur processus
alveolar (tuberositas). Sebagian disebabkan oleh koyaknya pembuluh darah,
dan sebagian lagi disebabkan mobilitas pada bagian yang fraktur.</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fraktur rahang (jarang).</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tumor yang tidak dikenal
(sangat jarang).</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perdarahan adalah salah satu komplikasi pencabutan yang harus diperhatikan
oleh dokter gigi ketika melakukan pencabutan gigi. Oleh karena itu, pencegahan
perdarahan sangat perlu untuk dikuasai oleh seorang dokter gigi. Dalam hal ini
pasien harus dianamnesis terlebih dahulu apakah pada pencabutan sebelumnya
pernah terjadi perdarahan. Jika ada sejarah perdarahan post ekstraksi yang
ditemukan, maka sangat penting untuk memastikan dalam berapa lama perdarahan
terjadi dan bagaimana menghentikan perdarahan. <sup>6</sup></span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff3db; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebelum melakukan tindakan ekstraksi, seorang dokter
gigi harus bisa menganamnesis dengan cermat untuk mengungkapkan adanya riwayat
penyakit atau riwayat pendarahan sebelaum melakukan pencabutan gigi serta
perlunya penanganan awal seorang dokter gigi, yaitu:</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Periksa tekanan
darah</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Periksa laporan
darah untuk pendarahan, waktu bekuan, ESR, gula darah.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika memakai
aspirin hentikan pada waktu pencabutan gigi</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan riwayat
kesehatan yang sesuai pada dokter gigi sebelum pencabutan dilakukan.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika pasien
memiliki riwayat pendarahan setelah pencabutan, sangatlah bijaksana untuk
membatasi jumlah gigi yang akan dicabut pada kunjungan pertama, melakuka
penjahitan pada jaringan lunak, dan mengamati perkembangan pasca bedah.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">III.1. Perdarahan Pasca Pencabutan</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apabila<b> </b>terjadi
perdarahan, maka ada beberapa tindakan yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengontrol
perdarahan :</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tekanan adalah
tindakan segera,baik tekanan dengan tangan atau tekanan tidak langsung dengan
perban.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menutupnya
dengan sepon kasa atau Gelfoam bertekanan</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klem atau
pengikatan digunakan untuk mengontrol pendarahan dari pembuluh darah</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klip hemostatik,
digunakan untuk mengontrol perdarahan dari pembuluh yang sulit diikat.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektrokauterisasi,
untuk pendarahan dari pembuluh yang kecil atau rembesan</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahan-bahan
hemostatik:</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spon gelatine penyerap
(Gelfoam) yang menyerap darah dengan aksi kapiler dan menimbulkan beku darah.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff3db; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selulosa yang
dioksidasi (Surgicel), yang secara fisik mempercepat pembekuan darah.<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff3db; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Haemostat
kolagen mikrofibrilar (Avitene, Helistat) yang memicu agregasi platelet.<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Thrombin hewan
topical (trombinar, thrombostat) yang membekukan fibrinogen dengan segera.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika terjadi perdarahan, maka ada beberapa golongan obat-obatan yang perlu
untuk diingat dan diperhatikan, antara lain :</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Antikoagulan. Beberapa
pasien menggunakan obat antikoagulan karena berbagai alas an; pada wanita
muda untuk thrombosis vena dalam yang berulang, pria usia pertengahan
untuk infark miokardium atau penggantian katup jantung, orang tua untuk
menghindari stroke. Periksa riwayatnya.</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspirin adalah antikoagulan
ringan. Beberapa pasien mendapat dosis aspirin yang teratur untuk
mengurangi agregasi platelet dan menghindari thrombosis. Dosis ini
demikian kecil sehingga tidak membuat perbedaan yang nyata pada pendarahan
dari lesi di dalam mulut. Contohnya, dosis besar yang diberikan pada
penderita arthritis rumatoid, akan memberikan efek yang nyata dalam
memperpanjang waktu bekuan. Pasien yang kesakitan bisa saja meminum dosis
yang lebih besar dari dosis yang disarankan, dan tidak menyadari kandungan
preparat analgesiknya. Periksa riwayat penyakit.</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hemofilia atau penyakit
Crismas. Bila kondisi ini cukup parah sehingga menimbulkan perdarahan
spontan dari dalam mulut, pasien kemungkinan besar telah mengetahui bahwa
mereka menderita penyakit tersebut. Namun, bentuk yang ringan, dapat
disamarkan oleh perdarahan dari pencabutan gigi dan umumnya timbul berupa
perdarahan reaksioner.</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelainan darah. Leukimia
dan trombositopenia dapat menyebabkan perdarahan spontan dari gingival
atau perdarahan yang membingungkan sehabis pencabutan gigi. Umumnya, ada
tanda-tanda lain dari penyakit ini dan jarang sekali pasien dating ke
dokter gigi tanpa mengetahui keberadaan penyakit ini. Walaupun demikian,
rembesan darah dari gingival yang terus menerus, sebaiknya dipertimbangkan
dengan serius dan semua tindakan bedah ditunda sampai kondisi medis pasien
yang sebenarnya diketahui.</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasien menjadi sangat
cemas karena mengalami perdarahan dalam mulut. Hal ini sendiri dapat
menaikkan tekanan darah dan membantu terjadinya perdarahan. Selain itu,
rasa cemas meningkatkan kadar fibrinolisin. Yang lebih penting lagi,
mencuci mulut berulang-ulang, gangguan dari lidah, atau pertemuan dengan
pasien atau kerabat yang mengalami perdarahan soket gigi dapat membuat
perdarahan sulit berhenti.</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">III.2. Penatalaksanaan Pasien yang Mengalami
Perdarahan</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tindakan local
adalah dasar dari seluruh perawatan pada perdarahan pasca pencabutan walaupun
terdapat penyebab sistemik. Segala usaha harus dilakukan untuk membuat kondisi
setempat yang ideal bagi proses pembekuan darah. Sebaiknya dipakai teknik
pencabutan yang hati-hati, tetapi walaupun sudah sangat berhati-hati tetap saja
bisa terjadi luka pada gingival.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bereaksilah
dengan tenang dan percaya diri dan ambil alih situasi. Umumnya pasien sebaiknya
dipisahkan dari kerabat atau teman. Sebaiknya dudukkan pasien di kursi klinik
di bawah penerangan yang baik dengan bantuan dari asisten kompeten. Aspirator
harus selalu tersedia, bersama dengan seluruh instrument yang diperlukan
(contohnya, kaca mulut, ujung aspirator kecil, tang cabut, gunting jaringan,
penjepit jarum, dan benang yang kuat).</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Periksa luka itu – beri pasien
larutan kumur dan buang semua beku darah pada daerah perdarahan dengan
menggunakan aspirator.</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; line-height: 14.95pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Letakkan kasa yang lembab
di atas luka dan minta pasien menekannya dengan cara menutup mulutnya.
Kasa tersebut haruslah terbuat dari bahan tenun dan dilipat agar ukurannya
tidak lebih dari dua kali ukuran gigi yang dicabut, sehingga memberi
tekanan pada tepi gingival. Masukkan kasa secara hati-hati di atas soket,
dan bila diperlukan, instruksikan pasien untuk menggigitnya selama 20
menit tanpa pemeriksaan selanjutnya. Jika perdarahan masih terjadi maka
kasa harus diganti. Jika perdarahan terus berlangsung, ulangi hal ini.
Jika berlanjut terus, maka lakukan:</span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Infiltrasi sekeliling daerah soket dengan anastesi
local yang mengandung adrenalin, dan tunggu selama dua sampai tiga menit.
Sekarang dibutuhkan bantuan seorang asisten. Buang darah beku yang berlebihan
dan periksa tepi-tepi luka. Apabila perdarahan berasal dari luka koyak atau
insisi, eksisi tepi luka yang bergerak, atau yang pasokan darahnya meragukan (sianotik
dan dengan pedikel sempit). Buat jahitan yang dalam pada jaringan melalui
daerah yang koyak atau bagian yang diinsisi, tempat asal perdarahan, dan ikat
dengan kencang untuk menekan jaringan tersebut. Tarik mukosa melalui soket
dengan menggunakan matres horizontal, bilamana mungkin ikat jahitan dengan
kencang sampai jaringan gingival memutih. Letakkan kasa pada soket,
instruksikan pasien untuk memberikan tekanan selama 5 menit dan periksa kembali
luka tersebut.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tutupi soket dengan kasa. Baik apakah anastesi local
masih efektif atau tidak, infiltrasikan anastesi local yang mengandung
adrenalin di sekeliling tepi-tepi luka sekali lagi. Buka jahitan dan ganti,
tetapi jangan disimpul. Suatu cara yang cukup membantu adalah dengan mengaitkan
benang jahitan melewati soket ke gigi di dekatnya sehingga bisa ditempatkan
kasa pada soket. Kasa dapat terbuat dari bahan yang bisa diserap maupun tidak,
dengan konsistensi yang dapat ditekankan ke luka, misalnya surgicel atau kasa
ribbon yang tidak diserap yang direndam dalam varnish white head. Jangan
gunakan sponge yang bisa diserap. Lepaskan ikatan benang pada gigi tetangga dan
tempatkan di atas kasa. Ikat jahitan tersebut.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hanya sedikit
dokter gigi yang tidak berhasil melakukan hal ini. Jika mukosa luka sangat
parah, mungkin disertai dengan kerusakan pada tepi-tepi soket, lakukan hal
seperti di atas tetapi tempatkan jahitan jauh dari soket dan letakkan 2-3 lapis
surgicel pada soket. Luka distabilisasikan oleh bentangan benang jahit yang
menyilang dari jahitan itu.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada kasus yang
sangat jarang, yaitu jika titik perdarahan yang bisa dilihat, jahit kembali
dengan jahitan kecil atau dengan pola seperti angka delapan. Bila tahap
terakhir akan dilaksanakan pertimbangkan untuk memberikan obat penenang pada
pasien. Pada bedah mulut, diazepam 5-10 mg atau temazepam 10 mg sudah cukup,
walaupun pasien yang sangat gugup membutuhkan dosis sampai 3 kali lipat.
Diazepam akan diberikan secara intramuscular atau intravena 5-10 mg asalkan
pasien tidak mempunyai penyakit pernapasan bagian atas. Sebagai pilihan lain
adalah midazolam 5-10 mg. Semua pasien yang menerima obat penenang harus
ditemani, dan tidak boleh mengendarai mobil, menjalankan mesin, atau memakai
peralatan dapur selama 24 jam.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: #FFF3DB; color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB IV</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">IV. 1. Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan pembahasan di atas dapat ditarik
kesimpulan sebagai berikut :</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebelum
mengadakan suatu tindakan terhadap pasien harus selalu dicurigai mengenai akan
terjadinya komplikasi pendarahan. Seorang dokter gigi harus bisa menganamnesis
dengan cermat untuk mengungkapkan adanya riwayat penyakit atau riwayat
pendarahan sebelaum melakukan pencabutan gigi serta perlunya penanganan awal
seorang dokter gigi, yaitu:</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Periksa tekanan
darah</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Periksa laporan
darah untuk pendarahan, waktu bekuan, ESR, gula darah.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika memakai
aspirin hentikan pada waktu pencabutan gigi</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikan riwayat
kesehatan yang sesuai pada dokter gigi sebelum pencabutan dilakukan</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendarahan pasca
ekstraksi gigi dapat berupa : pedarahan primer, sekunder, dan reaksioner.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila terjadi
perdarahan, seorang dokter gigi harus bisa bertindak dengan benar,
mempertimbangkan keadaan apa yang harus dilakukan untuk mencegah perdarahan
yang banyak dengan menggunakan tindakan sebagai berikut: tutup luka dengan
menggunakan perban atau kain, jepit dengan haemostat atau klem, tutup luka
dengan gelfoam yang menyerap perdarahan,dan berikan tindakan penjahitan bila
diperlukan</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FFF3DB; line-height: 14.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">IV. 2. Saran</span></b><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #29303b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seorang dokter gigi dalam melakukan tindakan ekstraksi
gigi sederhana bisa saja mengahadapi kondisi komplikasi perdarahan. Oleh karena
itu, pengetahuan akan faktor yang menyebabkan dan cara menanggulanginya menjadi
suatu hal yang penting dalam menghadapi kondisi seperti di atas.</span><span style="color: #29303b; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Aldo neveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07527267717162744131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3283146800553785267.post-49294234559697075142012-10-08T06:18:00.003-07:002012-10-08T06:39:21.828-07:00SAKIT GIGI<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNEiBDFq6oeIYzYF2-FqXV1vs9kSlHx2Nvzk6B1X6cU4bQggY3nhAZA7oA53tNy1NEVtcrNkJ3IcOZasEIHC2L1H0BiL1efrEsRlz9O4xLClNbQCzzbWAmQz354CUcJza0t8eKZQIDY3fT/s1600/obat+sakit+gigi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNEiBDFq6oeIYzYF2-FqXV1vs9kSlHx2Nvzk6B1X6cU4bQggY3nhAZA7oA53tNy1NEVtcrNkJ3IcOZasEIHC2L1H0BiL1efrEsRlz9O4xLClNbQCzzbWAmQz354CUcJza0t8eKZQIDY3fT/s320/obat+sakit+gigi.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Menderita
sakit gigi bukanlah pengalaman yang menyenangkan. Rasa sakitnya bahkan bisa
membuat orang dewasa menangis. Gigi berlubang umumnya menjadi penyebab awal
kita menderita sakit gigi. Sakit gigi menjadi problem kesehatan yang juga
serius bagi banyak orang. Apa sebenarnya yang terjadi pada gigi kita saat
menderita sakit gigi? Apa akibat lain dari gigi berlubang?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Bagaimana cara mencegah sakit gigi?</span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br /><br />
<!--[endif]--></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Gigi Berlubang</b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span>
</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpe4V9MwWMJ4CcNTNQ-E8pxU4BqszCaIpfbsKMYxhW_KUlrba7sfJ82FRTYfkrowZInennp-_OYdYPB3Kz_uA6RVMgpq8auK7mK7uLLVeNrU7A0utSUwYFgdGGK_BJLstbmggV1jqrLfQz/s1600/sakit-gigi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpe4V9MwWMJ4CcNTNQ-E8pxU4BqszCaIpfbsKMYxhW_KUlrba7sfJ82FRTYfkrowZInennp-_OYdYPB3Kz_uA6RVMgpq8auK7mK7uLLVeNrU7A0utSUwYFgdGGK_BJLstbmggV1jqrLfQz/s1600/sakit-gigi.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">Gigi yang berlubang
bukanlah disebabkan ulat seperti anggapan orang pada zaman dahulu. Teori ini
bertahan hingga tahun 1700-an hingga Willoughby Miller seorang dokter gigi
Amerika yang bekerja di Universitas Berlin menemukan penyebab pembusukan gigi.
Ia menemukan bahwa lubang gigi disebabkan oleh pertemuan antara bakteri dan
gula. Bakteri akan mengubah gula dari sisa makanan menjadi asam yang
menyebabkan lingkungan gigi menjadi asam (lingkungan alami gigi seharusnya
adalah basa) dan asam inilah yang akhirnya membuat lubang kecil pada email
gigi.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">
<br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Saat lubang terjadi pada email gigi, kita belum
merasakan sakit gigi. Tetapi, lubang kecil pada email selanjutnya dapat menjadi
celah sisa makanan dan adanya bakteri akan membuat lubang semakin besar yang
melubangi dentin. Pada saat ini kita akan merasakan linu pada gigi saat makan.
Bila dibiarkan, lubang akan sampai pada lubang saraf sehingga kita akan mulai
merasakan sakit gigi. Proses ini tidak akan berhenti sampai akhirnya gigi
menjadi habis dan hanya tersisa akar gigi.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Sakit gigi tidak dapat dipandang sebelah mata
seperti anggapan beberapa orang, karena bila didiamkan, dapat membuat gigi
menjadi bengkak dan meradang. Selain itu gigi berlubang dapat menjadi sarana
saluran masuknya kuman penyakit menuju saluran darah yang dapat menyebabkan
penyakit ginjal, paru-paru, jantung maupun penyakit lainnya.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Agar tidak semakin bertambah parah, maka bila
Anda memiliki gigi berlubang sebaiknya Anda segera mengunjungi dokter gigi
untuk mengobatinya. Walaupun banyak orang tidak suka pergi ke dokter gigi
dengan alasan tidak peduli dengan keadaan gigi, khawatir biayanya mahal, takut
atau malu diejek karena gigi yang rusak, namun pergi ke dokter gigi adalah
solusi terbaik untuk mengatasi sakit gigi. Gigi berlubang tidak dapat sembuh
dengan sendirinya. Walaupun, mungkin setelah menderita sakit gigi, rasa
sakitnya dapat hilang tetapi tidak memperbaiki keadaan gigi. Gigi akan tetap
berlubang, bahkan lubangnya akan terus semakin membesar.</span><br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Menambal Gigi dan Cabut Gigi</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Langkah yang umumnya akan diambil dokter gigi
adalah menambal gigi yang rusak, bila lubangnya belum terlalu besar. Tetapi,
bila kita merasakan sakit gigi, proses penambalan tidak dapat langsung
dilakukan karena dengan demikian gas dalam gigi tidak dapat keluar. Dokter akan
memberikan obat penghilang rasa sakit atau akan mematikan saraf gigi agar kita
tidak tersiksa dengan rasa sakitnya. Pada kunjungan selanjutnya barulah gigi
akan dibersihkan dan ditambal sementara, penambalan secara permanen dilakukan
pada kunjungan berikutnya lagi.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Bila lubang terlalu besar dan tidak
memungkinkan untuk ditambal, berarti gigi harus dicabut. Sama seperti proses
penambalan gigi, maka gigi juga tidak dapat langsung dicabut saat gigi masih
terasa sakit. Hal ini disebabkan saat kita merasakan sakit gigi, maka obat
anestesi (obat kebal agar tidak terasa sakit saat gigi dicabut) tidak dapat
menembus akar gigi, sehingga saat dicabut akan menyebabkan sakit yang luar
biasa. Proses pencabutan gigi baru bisa dilakukan saat gigi sudah tidak terasa
sakit dan untuk menghilangkan rasa sakit dokter akan mematikan saraf gigi.</span><br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Mencegah Gigi Berlubang</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
Untuk mencegah terjadinya lubang pada gigi,
Anda dapat melakukan langkah-langkah berikut:<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">- Memeriksa gigi secara rutin</span></b><br />
<br />
Kunjungi dokter gigi setiap 6 bulan sekali
walaupun Anda tidak merasakan sakit gigi. Hal ini diperlukan agar dokter dapat
mendeteksi lubang kecil yang terjadi pada gigi dan dapat ditangani segera agar
lubang tidak semakin besar. Dapat juga dideteksi bagian gigi yang tidak rata
atau berlekuk yang dapat menyebabkan gigi sulit dibersihkan.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">- Menyikat gigi secara teratur dan pada
waktu yang tepat</span></b><br />
<br />
Pagi hari setelah sarapan dan malam sebelum
tidur adalah waktu yang tepat untuk menyikat gigi. Air liur tidak banyak keluar
pada waktu kita tidur, sehingga gigi akan rusak bila Anda membiarkan sisa
makanan pada gigi tanpa menyikatnya. Air liur berguna untuk memlinfungi gigi
dari bakteri penyebab gigi berlubang.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">- Menyikat gigi dengan cara yang benar</span></b><br />
<br />
Walau menyikat gigi telah dilakukan secara
teratur namun bila dilakukan dengan cara yang tidak benar, tentu hasilnya tidak
akan maksimal. Cara yang benar adalah dengan menyikat ke arah bawah untuk gigi
depan (gigi seri) bagian atas, menyikat gigi ke arah atas untuk gigi depan
bagian bawah dan menyikat secara mendatar untuk gigi geraham. Menyikat gigi
geraham hendaknya dilakukan lebih lama, karena pada gigi ini berpotensi
menempelnya sisa-sisa makanan.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">- Kumur setelah makan</span></b><br />
<br />
Menyikat gigi tidak mungkin dilakukan sehabis
kita makan, maka cara terbaik adalah berkumur-kumur agar sisa makanan tidak
terus menempel dan mengurangi keadaan asam dalam gigi.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">- Gunakan benang gigi untuk mengeluarkan
sisa makanan</span></b><br />
<br />
Sisa makanan yang tertinggal, hendaknya tidak
dikeluarkan dengan menggunakan tusuk gigi. Penggunaan tusuk gigi dapat
menyebabkan celah antar gigi semakin besar disamping dapat menyebabkan luka
pada gusi.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">- Pilih pasta gigi yang mengandung fluorida</span></b><br />
<br />
Menggunakan pasta gigi yang mengandung
fluorida. Zat ini merupakan salah satu bahan pembentuk email gigi. Adanya zat
ini dapat mencegah pembusukan pada gigi.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">- Makan makanan yang berserat</span></b><br />
<br />
Mengkonsumsi sayuran atau buah terbukti dapat
membuat gigi lebih kuat dan mencegah terjadinya gigi berlubang.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">- Kurangi makanan yang mengandung gula dan
tepung</span></b><br />
<br />
Makanan jenis ini bila tertinggal di gigi dan
adanya bakteri akan menyebabkan asam yang membuat gigi berlubang.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Aldo neveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07527267717162744131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3283146800553785267.post-29513185094741524402012-10-08T06:00:00.005-07:002012-10-08T06:48:34.605-07:00SISA AKAR GIGI<br />
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Pencabutan tidak sempurna yang
ditandai dengan tertinggalnya sebagian akar bahkan mahkota, seringkali terjadi
apabila saat pencabutan mahkota gigi sudah sangat rapuh. Ini ditandai dengan
bentuk lubang gigi yang sudah sangat besar atau adanya kelainan bentuk akar
yang menyebabkan kesulitan saat pencabutan.</div>
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Tidak perlu khawatir, karena bisa
dilakukan pencabutan kembali pada sisa akar tersebut. Untuk mempermudah
pencabutan, biasanya perlu ditunggu beberapa bulan agar sisa akar gigi lebih ke
atas permukaan gusi. Perlu juga pemeriksaaan penunjang seperti rontgen foto
guna memperjelas posisi akar tertinggal tersebut.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjddVOqfhrzgtzPMdnNDFkjqWGMoibiX4RMXjlg3Ctpqy5vUeRX6sow-mJd2WWzsn0GypRyghdyk1jZv2hhZL0Z_jzYbTQvupGBl47H-fFadIkDZ2jWyDs3ugkcCs6GMga0yXFEEqWU6KVk/s1600/gigi3(3).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjddVOqfhrzgtzPMdnNDFkjqWGMoibiX4RMXjlg3Ctpqy5vUeRX6sow-mJd2WWzsn0GypRyghdyk1jZv2hhZL0Z_jzYbTQvupGBl47H-fFadIkDZ2jWyDs3ugkcCs6GMga0yXFEEqWU6KVk/s320/gigi3(3).jpg" width="301" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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Tetapi, apabila sudah menimbulkan
keluhan, sebaiknya sesegera mungkin untuk dicabut ulang.</div>
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Sisa akar (tunggul) dalam ilmu
kedokteran gigi disebut “<b>gangren radiks</b>.”
Dari namanya saja “gangren” yang artinya sesuatu yang sudah “mati.” Tentunya
ini sudah tidak bermanfaat lagi, karena juga merupakan tempat yang subur bagi
bakteri berkembang biak. Apalagi sudah sampai mengganggu dengan timbulnya rasa
sakit dan bengkak, tentunya sangat mengganggu. Rasa sakit dan bengkak
menunjukkan reaksi tubuh terhadap infeksi gigi. Ditambah lagi terjadi
pembentukan sekumpulan nanah juga sebagai akibat dari proses infeksi yang
terjadi di sekitar akar gigi yang tinggal sisa akar tadi. Perlu diketahui, sisa
gigi atau akar yang terinfeksi merupakan fokus infeksi atau asal infeksi yang
dapat terjadi di organ tubuh lain seperti di kulit, mata, THT, saraf dan
lainnya.<br />
<br />
Gigi atau sisa akar seperti ini sebaiknya segera dicabut, tapi tentunya pasien
disarankan untuk minum obat antibiotika beberapa hari sebelumnya. Ini untuk
menekan infeksi yang telah terjadi sehingga pencabutan berjalan lancar tanpa
hambatan.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Pencabutan tidak dapat dilakukan
dalam keadaan gigi yang sedang sakit, karena pembiusan lokal (anestesi lokal)
seringkali tidak maksimal. Malah akan menimbulkan rasa sakit pada saat
pencabutan. Dengan kata lain gigi tidak dapat dianestesi dengan baik. Tidak
perlu takut untuk menjalani pencabutan gigi apalagi kondisinya sudah sangat
mengganggu. Tentunya Anda bosan meminum obat penahan rasa sakit apabila rasa
sakit itu kerap timbul. Yang perlu dicermati untuk kehati-hatian pencabutan
adalah adanya penyakit penyerta, seperti darah tinggi (<b>hipertensi</b>), kencing manis (<b>diabetes
melitus</b>), penyakit-penyakit kelainan darah atau ada tidaknya reaksi alergi
yang berlebihan. Bila Anda mengindap salah satu dari penyakit sistemik tadi,
perlu pemeriksaan lebih lanjut ke dokter spesialis penyakit dalam sebelum
dilakukan pencabutan. Namun, apabila tidak ada kelainan-kelainan tersebut tidak
perlu takut untuk menjalani pencabutan. Dengan mengikuti seluruh instruksi dari
dokter gigi, Anda akan menjalani pencabutan dengan aman dan lancar. Tetapi Anda
telah melewati pencabutan yang lalu dengan baik, berarti faktor penyakit
sistemik bisa diabaikan.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Untuk kasus sisa akar tidak atau
belum tampak dari permukaan gusi dan sudah menimbulkan rasa sakit sebaiknya
segera diangkat dengan cara pencabutan dengan pembedahan,dengan panduan rontgen
foto tentunya. Ingatlah tindakan ini bukan bedah besar melainkan bedah kecil
untuk membuka gusi saja yang harus dilakukan oleh dokter gigi spesialis bedah
mulut.</div>
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<span class="fullpost"><b>Seputar Sisa Akar Gigi</b></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Gigi dilihat
dari pandangan mata mempunyai dua bagian yang terbesar yaitu mahkota gigi dan
akar gigi. Pada kondisi normal mahkota gigi adalah bagian yang tampak di rongga
mulut dan akar gigi terletak di dalam gusi. Pada kondisi tertentu gigi manusia
tidak utuh lagi dan hanya tinggal sisa akar gigi. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><b>Apa penyebab sisa akar gigi ?</b></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Sisa akar
gigi disebabkan oleh beberapa hal antara lain :</span></div>
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<span class="fullpost">- Kerusakan gigi akibat karies gigi,</span></div>
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<span class="fullpost">- Trauma,</span></div>
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<span class="fullpost">- Tindakan pencabutan gigi yang tidak sempurna.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><b>1. Sisa akar gigi yang disebabkan oleh
karies gigi</b></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Karies gigi terjadi karena ada bakteri didalam mulut dan
karbohidrat yang menempel di gigi yang dalam waktu tertentu tidak dibersihkan.
Bakteri di dalam mulut akan mengeluarkan toksin yang akan mengubah karbohidrat
menjadi suatu zat yang bersifat asam yang mengakibatkan demineralisasi email.
Jika setiap selesai makan ada kebiasaan berkumur dan menggosok gigi karies gigi
tidak akan terjadi karena proses demineralisasi bisa diimbangi dengan proses
remineralisasi oleh air liur asalkan kondisi mulut bersih. Kebersihan mulut
yang baik tidak akan memberikan kesempatan pada bakteri untuk mebuat lubang
pada gigi kita.</span></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Karies yang pada proses awalnya hanya terlihat bercak putih pada
email lama kelamaan akan berubah jadi coklat dan berlubang. Jika kebersihan
mulut tidak dipelihara lubang bisa menjadi luas dan dalam menembus lapisan
dentin. Pada tahap ini jika tidak ada perawatan gigi lubang bertambah luas dan
dalam sampai daerah pulpa gigi yang banyak berisi pembuluh darah, limfe dan
syaraf. Pada akhirnya gigi akan mati,giginya kropos,gripis sedikit demi sedikit
sampai mahkotanya habis dan tinggal sisa akar gigi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><b>2. Sisa akar gigi yang disebabkan karena
trauma</b></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Mahkota gigi bisa patah karena gigi terbentur sesuatu akibat
kecelakaan,,jatuh,berkelahi atau sebab lainnya. Seringkali mahkota gigi patah
semua dan menyisakan akar gigi saja. Trauma ini membuat pulpa gigi menjadi
mati. Patah pada gigi depan bisa membuat estetika berkurang dan terkadang
menimbulkan krisis kepercayaan diri pada seseorang.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><b>3. Sisa akar gigi disebabkan oleh
pencabutan yang tidak sempurna</b></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Pada tindakan pencabutan gigi terkadang tidak berhasil mencabut
gigi secara utuh. Mahkotanya patah dan akar didalam gusi masih tertinggal. Hal
ini disebabkan oleh beberapa hal antara lain struktur gigi yang rapuh, akar
gigi yang bengkok, akar gigi yang menyebar, kalsifikasi gigi, aplikasi forceps
yang kurang tepat dan tekanan yang berlebihan pada waktu tindakan pencabutan.
Sisa akar gigi tertinggal ukurannya bervariasi mulai dari kurang dari 1/3 akar
gigi sampai akar gigi sebatas gusi. Sisa akar gigi yang hanya dibiarkan saja
kemungkinan bisa muncul keluar gusi setelah beberapa waktu, hilang sendiri
karena teresorbsi oleh tubuh bahkan bisa berkembang jadi kista.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><b>Berbahayakah sisa akar gigi jika dibiarkan
?<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Masyarakat
masih banyak yang tidak memperhatikan kesehatan gigi dan mulutnya. Sisa akar
gigi yang tertinggal dalam rongga mulut dibiarkan saja. Padahal akibat yang
ditimbulkan sisa akar gigi banyak sekali. Sisa akar gigi bisa mengakibatkan
nyeri kepala berkepanjangan, bau mulut tidak enak dan trigger pertumbuhan kista
bahkan neoplasma.</span></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Sisa akar
gigi biasanya sudah tidak vital lagi,pulpanya mati. Gigi mengalami kerusakan
yang parah dan setiap sisa akar gigi berpotensi untuk terjadi infeksi akar gigi
dan infeksi jaringan penyangga gigi. Infeksi ini menimbulkan rasa sakit dari
ringan sampai hebat, gusi mengalami pembesaran, terjadi pernanahan ,bengkak di
wajah sampai sukar membuka mulut (trismus). Pasien terkadang menjadi lemas
karena susah makan. Pembengkakan yang terjadi di bawah rahang ,kulit memerah,
teraba keras bagaikan kayu, lidah terangkat keatas dan rasa sakit yang
menghebat sangat berbahaya dan jika terlambat penanganan dapat merenggut jiwa (
Ludwig’s angina ).</span></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Infeksi pada
akar gigi maupun jaringan penyangga gigi dapat mengakibatkan migrasinya bakteri
ke organ yang lain lewat pembuluh darah. Teori ini dikenal dengan Fokal
infeksi. Bakteri yang berasal dari infeksi gigi masuk ke organ vital lain dan
memperbesar resiko penyakit jantung,ginjal,lambung,,persendian, dan lain
sebagainya. Jadi gigi yang terinfeksi menjadi pintu masuk bagi bakteri untuk
menyebar ke seluruh tubuh.</span></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Gigi yang
tinggal sisa akar tidak dapat digunakan untuk proses pengunyahan yang sempurna.
Gangguan pengunyahan menjadi alasan masyararakat untuk membuat gigi tiruan.
Masalahnya, sampai sekarang banyak yang masih membuat gigi tiruan diatas sisa
akar gigi. Keadaan ini bisa memicu terjadinya infeksi gigi dan jaringan
penyangga gigi</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><b>Bagaimana penanganan sisa akar gigi ?<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost">Sisa akar
gigi yang tertinggal dalam rongga mulut tidak boleh dibiarkan saja,kecuali pada
kondisi tertentu. Penatalaksanaan sisa akar gigi ini tergantung dari
pemeriksaan klinis akar gigi dan jaringan penyangganya. Akar gigi yang masih
utuh dengan jaringan penyangga yang masih baik, masih bisa dirawat. Jaringan
pulpanya dihilangkan,diganti dengan pulpa tiruan, kemudian dibuatkan mahkota
gigi. Akar gigi yang sudah goyah dan tidak dimungkinkan dirawat jaringan
penyangganya perlu dicabut . Sisa akar gigi ukuran kecil kurang dari 1/3 akar
gigi yang terjadi akibat pencabutan gigi yang tidak sempurna dibiarkan saja.
Untuk sisa akar gigi ukuran lebih dari 1/3 akar gigi yang terjadi akibat
pencabutan gigi sebaiknya tetap diambil. Hal ini kemungkinan perlu dilakukan
ronsen foto gigi dahulu.</span></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Pencabutan
sisa akar gigi umumnya mudah. Gigi sudah mengalami kerusakan yang parah
sehingga jaringan penyangga giginya sudah tidak kuat lagi. Untuk kasus yng
sulit dibutuhkan tindakan bedah ringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p> </o:p><b> </b></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><b>Apa yang harus dilakukan jika terdapat sisa
akar gigi pada seseorang ?<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Kebersihan
gigi dan mulut harus senatiasa dijaga dengan kebiasan menyikat gigi yang rutin
pada waktu yang tepat (sesudah makan dan sebelum tidur), penggunaan sikat gigi
dan cara menyikat gigi yang benar, penggunaan dental floss dan makan buah dan
sayur yang berserat yang berguna untuk pembersihan gigi secara alami.Kesehatan
tubuh harus tetap dijaga dengan gaya hidup yang sehat, mengkonsumsi makanan
yang bergizi, membentuk kekebalan tubuh yang diperlukan untuk menangkal
berbagai penyakit termasuk penyakit gigi dan mulut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Aldo neveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07527267717162744131noreply@blogger.com95